Short answers, pulled from the story.
Rurik was a Varangian chieftain who was invited to reign in Novgorod in 862. He is considered the traditional founder of the Russian monarchy and the ancestor of the Rurikid dynasty, which ruled Kievan Rus' and ultimately the Tsardom of Russia until the death of Feodor I in 1598.
Rurik died in 879. He bequeathed his realm to his kinsman Oleg, who served as regent for Rurik's infant son Igor. Oleg later moved the capital to Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus'.
The Rurikid dynasty was the ruling house of Kievan Rus' and its successor principalities, and then the Tsardom of Russia. It lasted from Rurik's arrival in 862 until the death of Feodor I in 1598. The last Rurikid tsar was Vasily IV, who reigned until 1610.
The two main sources disagree. The Laurentian Codex of 1377 states Rurik settled directly in Novgorod. The Hypatian Codex of the 1420s says he first settled in Ladoga before moving to Novgorod, a fort built near the source of the Volkhov River.
Some historians have proposed that Rurik of Novgorod is the same person as Rorik of Dorestad, a figure in Frankish sources connected to the Danish kingdom at Hedeby. Rorik disappears from western records after 860, the year before Rurik appears in eastern Baltic sources, and Frankish chronicles report Rorik dead by 882 while the Primary Chronicle places Rurik's death in 879. Boris Rybakov and Anatoly H. Kirpichnikov revived this identification in the mid-20th century, though Alexander Nazarenko and other scholars have objected to it.
According to the Primary Chronicle, compiled around 1113 and traditionally attributed to Nestor, the East Slavic and Finnic tribes expelled the Varangians and attempted self-rule in 860-862, but fell into conflict with each other. They then invited Rurik and the Varangians back to reestablish order.