Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences was founded on the 4th of May 1808 by Lodewijk Napoleon during the Kingdom of Holland. It was originally named the Koninklijk Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letterkunde en Schoone Kunsten and obtained its current name in 1938.
The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam, a 17th-century building that has served as its home since 1812. The Society of Arts, established by the academy in 2014, is also seated there.
Members are appointed for life through co-optation by existing members, based on demonstrated scientific achievement. Each year a maximum of sixteen new members are appointed, and nominations from outside the academy are accepted.
The academy awards several prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science, and the Heineken Prizes.
De Jonge Akademie, or the Young Academy, was founded in 2005 as part of the KNAW for scientists between 25 and 45 years old. Ten members are elected each year for a five-year term, and the Young Academy served as a model for the Global Young Academy.
The KNAW oversees a network of institutes including the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, the International Institute of Social History, the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, and the Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands, among others.