Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Royal Astronomical Society was founded on the 12th of January 1820, when fourteen men met for dinner at the Freemasons' Tavern in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London. The society held its first general meeting on the 8th of February 1820 and received its Royal Charter from William IV on the 7th of March 1831.
Among the fourteen founders present at the 1820 dinner were John Herschel, Charles Babbage, Francis Baily, Henry Thomas Colebrooke, Thomas Colby, and William Pearson. Francis Baily served as the first secretary and Daniel Moore was elected chairman of the founding committee.
The RAS co-organised two expeditions to observe the total solar eclipse of the 29th of May 1919, one to Príncipe and one to Sobral, Brazil. Led by Arthur Eddington and coordinated by Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson, the expeditions measured the gravitational bending of starlight and confirmed Einstein's prediction. The results were announced at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the RAS on the 6th of November 1919.
A Supplemental Charter in 1915 opened fellowship to women. On the 14th of January 1916, five women were elected as the first female fellows: Mary Adela Blagg, Ella K Church, A Grace Cook, Irene Elizabeth Toye Warner, and Fiammetta Wilson. Eleven women were elected to fellowship in total that year.
Caroline Herschel received the Gold Medal in 1828 for her catalogue of nebulae, making her the first woman to receive the society's highest award. No other woman would receive the Gold Medal until Vera Rubin in 1996.
The RAS publishes three primary research journals: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (in continuous publication since 1827), Geophysical Journal International, and RAS Techniques and Instruments. It also publishes the trade magazine Astronomy and Geophysics for its members.