Short answers, pulled from the story.
Rotation is movement that leaves at least one point unchanged while every other part moves. In two dimensions, a flat shape rotates around a single center point moving either clockwise or counterclockwise.
Earth's daily rotation defines our geographical North and South poles through the surface intersection of its internal spin axis. This internal axis passes directly through the body's own center of mass creating what physicists call a spin or autorotation.
Black holes spin much faster than neutron stars despite their similar origin in supernova events. The rotation stores enormous amounts of energy powering relativistic jets extending thousands of parsecs into space.
Uranus rotates nearly on its side relative to its orbit due to a large impact early in its history. The dwarf planet Pluto also rotates on its side making it anomalous in several ways compared to other planets.
Principal rotations known as pitch roll and yaw model physical systems like gimbals and joysticks. These rotations describe changes in orientation that can be defined by Euler's theorem about rotation about an axis through a chosen reference point.