Short answers, pulled from the story.
In astronomy, rotation refers to a body spinning around its own internal axis, while revolution (or orbital revolution) describes one body moving around another body. Earth rotates on its own axis once per day and revolves around the Sun once per year.
Tidal locking occurs when an orbiting body's spin rotation becomes matched to its orbital rotation around a larger body. The Moon is tidal-locked to Earth, always presenting the same face.
Venus and Uranus are the exceptions among Solar System planets. Venus rotates slowly backward relative to its orbit, and Uranus rotates nearly on its side. Uranus is thought to have been knocked to this orientation by a large impact early in its history.
A spinning black hole stores enormous rotational energy that powers relativistic jets of ionised particles extending thousands of parsecs into space. These jets can last hundreds of millions of years and carry enough energy to alter the evolution of galaxies.
Gimbal lock is a limitation of Euler angles where certain orientations make it impossible to calculate the rotation angles uniquely. It is a known drawback of the Euler angle system despite its compactness and ease of visualisation.
Earth's spin produces a centrifugal acceleration in the rotating reference frame that slightly counteracts gravity, and this effect is strongest at the equator. As a result, an object weighs marginally less at the equator than at the poles, and over time Earth has been deformed into an oblate spheroid with an equatorial bulge.