Short answers, pulled from the story.
Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. It lasted approximately from 1800 to 1850 and was defined by a reaction against the formal conventions and rationalism of Neoclassical poetry.
In the 1800 preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth wrote that poetry is "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" that "takes its origin in emotion recollected in tranquility." He and Coleridge advocated writing in "the real language of men" rather than elevated classical diction.
The Sublime was one of the most important concepts in Romantic poetry. It referred to language and description that excites thoughts and emotions beyond ordinary experience, linked to Edmund Burke's 1757 treatise and later taken up by Immanuel Kant and Romantic poets including Wordsworth.
Jena Romanticism, active from around 1798 to 1804, centred on Friedrich Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. The earlier Sturm und Drang movement, named after Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's 1777 play, included Goethe as a notable proponent.
Because the Russian aristocracy was so removed from ordinary people, Burns translated into Russian became a symbol of the peasantry. A translation begun by Samuil Marshak in 1924 sold over 600,000 copies, and in 1956 the Soviet Union became the first country to honour Burns with a commemorative postage stamp.
Longfellow, who lived from 1807 to 1882, was the most popular American poet of his day; it was reported that 10,000 copies of The Courtship of Miles Standish sold in London in a single day. His reputation declined sharply after his death, though an essay by Dana Gioia later spearheaded a revival of scholarly interest.