Short answers, pulled from the story.
Pompey the Great marched into Syria and executed Seleucid king Antiochus XIII Asiaticus in 64 BC. He deposed Philip II Philoromaeus to end Hellenistic rule in the region during the Third Mithridatic War.
Emperor Augustus united Judea, Samaria, and Idumea under the authority of Publius Sulpicius Quirinius in 6 AD. Coponius served as Prefect of Judea under Quirinius's command following this administrative change.
Cestius Gallus led the Syrian army against Jewish rebels in 66 AD but suffered a devastating ambush at the Battle of Beth Horon. Jewish rebels destroyed the legion which included Legio XII Fulminata reinforced by auxiliary units.
Septimius Severus divided the remaining province into Syria Coele and Syria Phoenice around the late second century. Antioch became the capital of Syria Coele while Tyre served as the capital of Syria Phoenice.
Persian King Shapur I invaded Roman Syria in 252 or 253 AD after destroying a field army at Barbalissos. He defeated another Roman force at Edessa in 259 or 260 AD capturing Emperor Valerian alive.