Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Roman Renaissance occupied the period from the mid-15th to the mid-16th centuries. It began in earnest when Pope Martin V returned the papal seat to Rome in 1420 and ended abruptly with the Sack of Rome by the troops of Emperor Charles V in 1527.
Michelangelo and Raphael left the deepest mark on the Roman Renaissance and on Western figurative art as a whole. Other central figures included Bramante, Botticelli, Perugino, Pinturicchio, Ghirlandaio, Fra Angelico, Melozzo da Forlì, and Donatello, most of whom came originally from Florence and other northern Italian cities.
Pope Martin V, elected at the Council of Constance on the 11th of November 1417 and arriving in Rome on the 28th of September 1420, launched the rebuilding of Rome's churches, bridges, and public buildings. He engaged masters of the Tuscan school for this reconstruction, laying the foundation for the Roman Renaissance.
The original wall frescoes of the Sistine Chapel were painted between 1481 and 1482 by Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Pinturicchio, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Cosimo Roselli. Pope Sixtus IV celebrated the first mass in the completed chapel on the 15th of August 1483.
De re aedificatoria, dedicated to Pope Nicholas V in 1452, was a wholly new work of architectural theory, not a restoration of Vitruvius. It incorporated the engineering knowledge of antiquity into a fully developed aesthetic theory and became a foundational text of Renaissance architecture.
The Sack of Rome in 1527, carried out by the troops of Emperor Charles V, brought the Roman High Renaissance to an abrupt end. Some artists were killed and most of the rest fled to other cities, as did their patrons in the Curia. When artistic activity revived, it was primarily in the Mannerist style.