Short answers, pulled from the story.
Resin is a solid or highly viscous liquid that plants secrete to seal wounds and protect themselves from insects and pathogens. It is typically harvested from plants and consists of organic compounds insoluble in water, predominantly composed of terpenes like alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
Ancient Egyptians used frankincense and myrrh as incense in religious rites and utilized cedar of Lebanon resin to preserve the bodies of Pharaohs during mummification rituals. These aromatic resins were essential components that bridged the gap between the mortal and the sacred while ensuring safe passage into the afterlife.
Amber is the fossilized resin of coniferous and other tree species that can preserve insects and entire ecosystems in a state of suspended animation. It is distinguished from genuine fossil amber by its reaction to solvents like acetone or chloroform, which make it tacky rather than hard, and it is also known as resinite.
Rosin is a solidified resin from which volatile terpenes have been removed by distillation, and it is used to make the bows of string instruments to provide friction for sound production. In industry, rosin serves as a versatile ingredient in the production of varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents.
Some species of Dalechampia and Clusia produce resins as pollination rewards used by stingless bee species in nest construction, while honey bees collect resins from plants such as poplars to create propolis. This natural adhesive seals gaps in hives and possesses antimicrobial properties that help maintain the health of the colony.