Short answers, pulled from the story.
Religious philosophy is philosophical thinking influenced and directed by teachings from a particular religion. It serves as both an objective inquiry into the nature of the divine and a persuasive tool for believers that shapes how billions of people perceive reality and make medical decisions.
Saint Anselm of Canterbury formulated the ontological argument in his work Proslogion between 1033 and 1109. His reasoning was based on the idea of God as that than which nothing greater can be conceived, suggesting that the very concept of a supreme being necessitates its existence.
Religious philosophy influences medical care and healthcare decision-making by shaping how adherents view the sanctity of the human body and the definition of death. It determines religious coping styles such as self-directing, deferring, collaborative, and surrender styles that impact mental health and responses to trauma or illness.
Islamic authorities issued formal rulings supporting organ donation in 1996 by the UK Muslim Law Council and in 1988 by the Islamic Jurisprudence Assembly Council in Saudi Arabia. Islamic jurisprudence does not permit voluntary death including euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide because life is regarded as a sacred gift from Allah.
Jewish legal traditions generally prohibit abortion but permit it when the mother's life or health is endangered. Hindu philosophical traditions generally prohibit abortion in accordance with Dharmashastra texts and hold that physical and spiritual attributes including past karma are present from the moment of conception.