Short answers, pulled from the story.
Muhammad received the first revelation of the Quran in the year 610 during the month of Ramadan inside the Cave of Hira. This event marked the beginning of a twenty-three-year process of revelation that concluded shortly before his death in 632.
The first caliph Abu Bakr ordered Zayd ibn Thabit to collect scattered verses from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, and the memories of surviving companions. This compilation required two witnesses for every verse before it could be added to the manuscript, and the resulting document eventually passed to Hafsa, Muhammad's widow.
A cache of 12,000 parchment pieces was discovered in a mosque in Sanaa, Yemen, in 1972, with radiocarbon dating showing a 99 percent probability that the material dates to before 671 CE. These palimpsests reveal unconventional verse orderings and minor textual variations that suggest the Quran may have evolved over time rather than being a fixed document from the start.
Moses is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran, with his name appearing 136 times and his life being recounted more than that of any other prophet including Muhammad himself. The text assumes the reader's familiarity with major narratives such as the creation of Adam, the flood, and the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.
The doctrine of inimitability known as I'jaz holds that the Quran is a miracle in both content and form, serving as the primary proof of Muhammad's prophethood. This literary quality is described as impossible for any human to replicate and employs a unique style of rhymed prose that partakes of both poetry and prose.
Approximately one-third of the Quran is dedicated to eschatology, describing the Day of Judgment with vivid imagery including the sun being rolled up and the stars falling down. The text also provides a code of conduct that covers all facets of life including governance, inheritance, and crime, establishing the concept of sharia or Islamic law derived from the Quran and supplemented by hadiths.