Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hurrem Sultan became the first woman to hold the title of Haseki Sultan in the Ottoman Empire during the 1530s. This position placed her second only to the Queen Mother in the entire empire and allowed her to influence statecraft from within the harem.
Queen Charlotte was the consort of George III for 57 years and 70 days between 1761 and 1818. This tenure makes her Britain's longest-tenured queen consort and covers significant historical periods from the American Revolution to the Napoleonic Wars.
King Mohammed VI of Morocco gave his wife Lalla Salma the title of princess which did not exist prior to his reign. This decision broke with tradition and elevated her status above that of a standard queen consort.
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha married Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and became Albert Prince Consort. He insisted on this title to ensure his status was never higher than that of the sovereign queen.
Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont became Regent for her underaged daughter Wilhelmina after the death of her husband William III of the Netherlands on the 23rd of November 1890. This action followed a long tradition of queen consots stepping into the role of regent when their husband died and their child was still a minor.