Short answers, pulled from the story.
The United Kingdom launched its National Health Service in 1948. This system marked a shift where costs for most health care services were paid from publicly managed funds rather than private contracts.
Canada, the United Kingdom, Brazil, and India fund their systems from general government revenues. Australia, France, Belgium, Japan, and Germany utilize a government social security system with separate budgets and hypothecated taxes instead.
Patients in Japan must pay 10 to 30 percent of the cost of a hospital stay. The proportion of cost covered varies significantly across these nations compared to other countries like Canada where all hospital care is paid for by the government.
A 2009 Harvard study published in the American Journal of Public Health found more than 44,800 excess deaths annually in the United States due to lack of health insurance. This figure equates to one excess death every 12 minutes.