Short answers, pulled from the story.
Franklin Mendels published his doctoral dissertation in 1969 to introduce the term proto-industrialization. He used this concept to describe how rural handicraft production developed alongside commercial agriculture during the 18th century.
Bas van Bavel argued that non-agricultural activities in the Low Countries reached proto-industrial extent by the 13th century. This early development occurred before Flanders became an urbanized region with a third of its population living in cities during the 15th century.
Guilds retained major control over rural manufacturing until the early 17th century in Switzerland and France. These restrictions persisted into the later 17th century in Westphalia and Bohemia, while Austria and Catalonia maintained controls through the later 18th century.
The eastern part of Bengal today known as Bangladesh was globally prominent in textile manufacturing and shipbuilding. This region singlehandedly accounted for 40% of Dutch imports outside Europe during the early modern period when global trade networks expanded rapidly.
Commercial expansion began in the Northern Song dynasty and was catalyzed by migrations in the Southern Song dynasty. Historian Robert Hartwell estimated that per capita iron output rose sixfold between 806 and 1078 based on Song-era receipts.