Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established on the 16th of March 1939, when Adolf Hitler issued a proclamation from Prague Castle following the German occupation of the Czech lands. Its creation violated the Munich Agreement of September 1938.
Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia primarily because Germany had exhausted its foreign exchange reserves by early 1939 and urgently needed Czechoslovakia's gold and hard currency reserves to continue the Four Year Plan. Czechoslovakia was also the world's seventh largest arms manufacturer, making its industrial capacity vital to the German war effort.
Four men held the office. Konstantin von Neurath served from the 21st of March 1939 until August 1943, though Reinhard Heydrich exercised real authority from the 29th of September 1941 until his death on the 4th of June 1942. Kurt Daluege served as deputy protector from June 1942 to August 1943, and Wilhelm Frick held the office from the 24th of August 1943 to the 8th of May 1945.
Of the 92,199 people classified as Jews by German authorities in the protectorate as of 1939-78,154 were murdered in the Holocaust, representing 85 percent of that number. The Jewish population counted in the 1930 census had been 118,000.
Czech teachers faced severe persecution. In the first six months of 1944, about 1,000 were executed or imprisoned. By 1945, roughly 5,000 were held in concentration camps, where a fifth died. By the end of the occupation, about 40 percent of all Czech teachers had been dismissed, rising to 60 percent in Prague.
Operation Anthropoid was a mission carried out by Czechoslovak commandos who wounded Reinhard Heydrich, the acting Reichsprotektor. Heydrich died from his wounds on the 4th of June 1942. In retaliation, German authorities carried out mass arrests and executions and completely destroyed the villages of Lidice and Ležáky.