Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first prison known as the Mamertine Prison was established around 640 B.C. by Ancus Marcius. This facility was a sewer system beneath ancient Rome where prisoners were held in squalid conditions contaminated with human waste.
John Howard was the notable early prison reformer who published The State of the Prisons in 1777 after visiting several hundred prisons across Great Britain and Europe. He proposed wide-ranging reforms including housing each prisoner in a separate cell and requiring staff to be professional and paid by the government.
Pentonville prison opened in 1842 and began a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment. This development occurred during a period when the use of hulks and penal transportation to Australia was on the decline.
The 2021 World Prison Brief reported that at least 11.5 million people were imprisoned worldwide. The United States of America had the world's largest prison population with over 2 million people in American prisons or jails.
Suomenlinna prison in Finland has been open since 1971 and allows prisoners to leave the prison grounds daily to work in the corresponding township or commute to the mainland for work or study. As of September 2013 the facility held 95 male prisoners who could earn wages ranging between 4.10 and 7.30 euros per hour.