Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first completely surviving printed book, the Diamond Sutra, was created in 868. This document was discovered in the Library Cave of Mogao Caves in Dunhuang and features an intricate frontispiece with detailed illustrations and precise text.
Bi Sheng invented the first known movable type system around 1040 in China using fragile porcelain. This limitation was later overcome by Wang Zhen by 1298 who carved durable type from wood and developed a complex system of revolving tables to organize characters efficiently.
The Jikji, published in 1377, stands as the earliest known book printed with movable metal type. This Korean publication predates Johannes Gutenberg's work by nearly 78 years and involved cutting characters into beech wood to create molds for bronze type.
Johannes Gutenberg introduced the printing press in Europe around 1450. His innovations included casting type from an alloy of lead, tin, antimony, copper, and bismuth, adapting the screw-press mechanism, and developing oil-based ink.
The first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire was established by Ibrahim Muteferrika, operating until 1742. Sultan Selim I issued a decree in 1515 under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death before Sultan Murad III permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in Arabic characters at the end of the sixteenth century.
Digital printing accounts for approximately 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually around the world. This method uses technologies such as inkjet, laser, and electrophotography to produce high-quality prints and allows for variable data production.