Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Principality of Tver was founded in 1246, when Yaroslav Yaroslavich became its first prince. He was a son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the grand prince of Vladimir, and his descendants ruled Tver until its annexation in 1485.
The 1327 anti-Tatar uprising in Tver was suppressed, the city was burned, and the principality lost a large portion of its population from which it never recovered. Moscow's cooperation with the Golden Horde earned it the title of grand prince of Vladimir, and the Russian Orthodox Church moved its seat to Moscow, compounding Tver's loss of standing.
Konchaka, the sister of Ozbeg Khan and wife of Yuri of Moscow, was captured by Mikhail of Tver at the Battle of Bortenevo in 1317 and died in captivity in Tver. Yuri used her death to accuse Mikhail before the khan. Mikhail was summoned to the Golden Horde, endured a month of imprisonment and torture, and was executed there in 1318.
Moscow annexed Tver in 1485, when Ivan III's army swiftly conquered the principality after Mikhail III of Tver sought an alliance with Lithuania. Ivan III gave Tver to his son Ivan the Young as an appanage.
The pokhval'noe slovo, meaning word of praise, was a text attributed to the monk Foma and addressed to Boris of Tver. Some scholars interpret it as evidence that Tver aspired to inherit the mantle of the Byzantine Empire and to become the center of a unified Russian state. Charles Halperin argues instead that Foma treated Tver and Moscow as equals, questioning whether Moscow could truly claim to represent all the Russian lands.
Mikhail II of Tver was the last prince of Tver ever to hold the title of grand prince of Vladimir, receiving it in 1371. His reign is generally considered the final period when Tver could still genuinely rival Moscow.