Short answers, pulled from the story.
A president is the leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university, or other group. The title generally designates the legally recognized highest-ranking corporate officer, but the actual authority it carries varies widely depending on the organization's bylaws and structure.
When the two positions are held separately, the president is usually considered subordinate in practice to the chief executive officer, even though the president is formally the highest-ranking corporate officer. The boundary between the two roles is loosely defined and depends on the specific organization's structure.
A president calls the meeting to order, confirms a quorum is present, announces agenda items, recognizes speakers, enforces group rules, puts motions to a vote, and adjourns the meeting. In larger assemblies the president votes only when the result could be affected by that single ballot.
A president who exceeds granted authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform duties may face censure, suspension, or removal from office. The organization's bylaws determine who carries out these procedures and how far they can go; typically the party that appointed or elected the president holds that disciplinary power.
A president-elect is a position some organizations maintain alongside the sitting president, filled by a vote of the membership. When the current president's term ends, the president-elect automatically becomes president. The position must be authorized by the organization's bylaws to exist.
Life president is an honorary title that organizations sometimes give to individuals who have already served the organization for a long period in a major role. It is distinct from the elected or appointed position of president and does not carry the same executive functions.