Short answers, pulled from the story.
Earth coalesced from orbiting material about 4,543 million years ago. A planet named Theia struck the young world shortly after its birth and this collision split off debris that eventually formed the Moon.
Carbon found in rocks from western Greenland dates back 3.8 billion years. Microscopic fossils of bacteria older than 3.46 billion years exist in Western Australia and some scientists believe this carbon has organic origins.
Molecular oxygen was not a significant fraction of Earth's atmosphere until photosynthetic life forms evolved. Oxygen quickly combined with iron in Earth's crust initially before massive banded iron formations laid down as iron oxides provided evidence for this process.
Glacial periods identified go back to the Huronian epoch around 2400, 2100 million years ago. The Sturtian-Varangian glaciation occurred between 850 and 635 million years ago when scientists describe this state as Snowball Earth.
The earliest known supercontinent was Vaalbara formed 3.636 billion years ago. Vaalbara broke up approximately 2.845, 2.803 billion years ago while Kenorland formed around 2.72 billion years ago and split into cratons like Laurentia and Baltica.