Short answers, pulled from the story.
The lowest naturally occurring temperature ever measured on Earth is minus 89.2 degrees Celsius, which was recorded at the Russian Antarctic station Vostok on the 21st of July 1983.
Satellite measurements taken between 2010 and 2013 revealed temperatures reaching minus 98.2 degrees Celsius along a ridge between Dome A and Dome F in Antarctica.
The World Meteorological Organization recognized a new record near the topographic summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet where an automatic weather station known as Klinck AWS recorded minus 69.6 degrees Celsius on the 22nd of December 1991.
The average temperature in Oymyakon has risen about 2.7 degrees Celsius since preindustrial times while winter temperatures increase with elevation by as much as 1 degree per kilometer.