Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Philippines campaign began on the 8th of December 1941, when Japanese planes bombed Clark Field near Manila, several hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The campaign ended on the 6th of May 1942 with the fall of Corregidor Island, after Bataan had surrendered on the 9th of April.
The Japanese 14th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma. The overall Southern Expeditionary Army was commanded by General Hisaichi Terauchi, while naval forces were led by Vice Admiral Ibo Takahashi.
News of Pearl Harbor reached the Philippines at 02:20 local time, but a series of disputed decisions delayed authorization for a preemptive strike against Formosa until 10:15 that morning. The B-17 bombers were ordered to land and refuel, pursuit squadrons ran short on fuel and ended their patrols simultaneously, and a radar warning at 11:27 was not effectively communicated, leaving the aircraft on the ground when Japanese bombers attacked Clark Field at 12:40.
MacArthur's withdrawal plan anticipated supplying 43,000 troops for six months. In reality, 80,000 troops and 26,000 civilians flooded into the Bataan Peninsula, far exceeding the estimates and straining supplies critically.
MacArthur made the declaration at a rural railway station on the 20th of March 1942, while traveling to Australia after President Roosevelt ordered him there to become Supreme Allied Commander Southwest Pacific Area.
About 23,000 U.S. military personnel and roughly 100,000 Filipino soldiers were killed or captured. Japan's conquest of the Philippines is considered the worst military defeat in U.S. history. Eighteen U.S. Army generals surrendered to Japanese forces by May 1942.