Short answers, pulled from the story.
Philip V of Spain was born on the 19th of December 1683 at the Palace of Versailles in France. At birth, he received the title Duke of Anjou as a traditional designation for younger sons within the French royal family.
King Charles II of Spain named Philip as his successor in his will because Philip had a strong genealogical claim through his Spanish grandmother and great-grandmother. The French Royal Council decided to accept the provisions of Charles II's will while agreeing that Philip would forfeit his claim to the French throne.
The thirteen-year War of the Spanish Succession began when European powers formed the Grand Alliance against France and Spain due to fears of a union under a single Bourbon monarch. Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees beginning in 1707 to centralize rule under the Castilian model and abolished charters of independently administered kingdoms like the Crown of Aragon.
Philip V of Spain abdicated the Spanish throne on the 14th of January 1724 to his eldest son Louis who died of smallpox on the 31st of August in Madrid. Philip was restored to the Spanish throne six days later to avoid a regency for his second son Ferdinand who was only ten years old at the time.
Beginning in August 1737, Philip V of Spain experienced relief from his manic depression thanks to the castrato singer Farinelli who became Musico de Camara of Their Majesties. Farinelli sang eight or nine arias for the King and Queen every night usually accompanied by a trio of musicians while Elizabeth Farnese managed government affairs.