Short answers, pulled from the story.
Peter the Great died on the 8th of February 1725 at the age of fifty-two years and seven months. He had reigned for forty-two years, having become tsar in 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia in 1721.
The Grand Embassy was an eighteen-month journey Peter undertook from March 1697 through Western Europe, traveling under a false name with a large Russian delegation. Its primary diplomatic goal was to build a coalition against the Ottoman Empire, but it failed because France was allied to the Ottoman Sultan and Austria was preoccupied with its own wars, while European attention was focused on the succession of the childless King Charles II of Spain.
Peter abolished the Boyar Duma and created a ten-member Governing Senate in 1711, replaced the patriarchate of the Orthodox Church with a Holy Synod under state control in 1721, and introduced the Table of Ranks in 1722, making merit rather than birth the basis for precedence. He also reformed the Russian alphabet, introduced Arabic numerals, founded the first Russian newspaper in 1703, established the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation in 1701, and shifted the calendar system and new year's date.
The Battle of Poltava, fought on the 27th of June 1709, was a decisive Russian victory over Sweden's King Charles XII, ending the Swedish campaign in Ukraine. The battle overturned the widespread European assumption that Russia was militarily incompetent and marked the point at which Russia emerged as a dominant military power.
Peter kept the Russian Orthodox Church under tight governmental control and refused to appoint a new Patriarch when the office fell vacant in 1700, eventually abolishing the patriarchate in 1721 and replacing it with a Holy Synod overseen by a state Procurator. He had founded a mock organization called The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters at eighteen to ridicule Orthodox and Catholic practices, and he refused to participate in a traditional Orthodox Epiphany ceremony in January 1695.
Peter died without naming a clear successor. In 1722 he had issued a decree abolishing the traditional rule of male-line succession, allowing the reigning monarch to choose any heir, but he did not complete the designation before losing consciousness. Shortly before dying, according to legend, he asked for his daughter Anna to be summoned.