Short answers, pulled from the story.
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is the 19th largest country in the world at 1,285,216 square kilometers and the third largest in South America, with a population of over 32 million.
The Caral-Supe civilization is the oldest known complex society in Peru and the earliest civilization in the Americas. It flourished along the Pacific coast between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE, and Peru traces its heritage back to it in the 10th millennium BCE.
In December 1532, conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca, supported by Chanka, Huanca, Canari and Chachapoya auxiliaries. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba in 1572.
Jose de San Martin occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on the 28th of July 1821. Independence was completed in 1824 after Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre won the Battle of Junin on the 6th of August and the decisive Battle of Ayacucho on the 9th of December.
The War of the Pacific began when Chile declared war on Peru on the 5th of April 1879 and lasted until 1884. It was driven by Chile's ambition to seize the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru, and it ended with Peru losing the department of Tarapaca and the provinces of Tacna and Arica. It is the bloodiest war Peru has fought.
The 1993 Constitution, written by Alberto Fujimori and his supporters, contains broadly interpreted impeachment wording that lets Congress impeach the president without cause. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigned in 2018, Martin Vizcarra was removed in 2020, Pedro Castillo was removed in December 2022, and Dina Boluarte was removed on the 10th of October 2025.