Short answers, pulled from the story.
The ruins of Caral date back to 3000 BCE and mark the earliest known civilization in the Americas. Farmers there used irrigation and terracing to grow cotton and beans without money or markets.
Francisco Pizarro captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca in December 1532. The Spanish executed Atahualpa on the 29th of August 1533 after years of preliminary exploration.
Chile declared war on Peru on the 5th of April 1879 unleashing the War of the Pacific that lasted until 1884. Five years of conflict resulted in loss of Tarapacá department and provinces Tacna and Arica to Chile.
Peru contains 21,462 species reported as of 2003 with 5,855 endemic varieties. Almost 60 percent of territory lies within Amazon basin covering 75% of national area.