Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Machiguenga people of the Amazon operate without the concept of specific, fixed names designating people, either individually or collectively. These isolated tribes construct social identity through kinship and context rather than a unique label. This absence of a name is not a lack of identity but a different method of establishing it.
Surnames did not become prevalent in Japan until the 19th century. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539, yet did not require surnames for Jews until 1808.
In Russia, the middle name is patronymic, meaning all the children of Ivan Volkov would be named with the suffix -ovich if male or -ovna if female. This system remains the case only in Iceland and was recently re-introduced as an option in the Faroe Islands.
Hungary is the only European country that uses the Eastern naming order where the given name is placed after the family name. The government of Japan reverted the Westernized name order back to the Eastern name order in official documents in 2020.
A 2006 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences found that bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay had names for each other. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Wilmington discovered that a dolphin chooses its name as an infant.
Teller, of the magician duo Penn and Teller, was named Raymond Joseph Teller at birth. He changed his name both legally and socially to be simply Teller, and his driver's license lists his given name as NFN.