Short answers, pulled from the story.
Periodization is the process of categorizing the past into discrete, named blocks of time for the purpose of study or analysis. Historians use it to understand current and historical processes and the causal links between events. The boundaries of any given period are often arbitrary and change over time.
Both terms are credited to the Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374). He coined the idea of a "Middle Ages" by comparing his own era to the classical world, and he also developed the notion of cultural rebirth that became the Renaissance. Petrarch is regarded as the father of Renaissance Humanism.
It means the cultural movements associated with the 1960s, including the sexual revolution, counterculture, and youth rebellion, never developed in Spain during that decade. Spain's conservative Roman Catholic culture and Francisco Franco's authoritarian regime prevented those changes from taking hold. The phrase illustrates how decimal-based period labels carry specific cultural connotations that do not apply universally.
Historians use "long" and "short" to match period labels to meaningful cultural and social phases rather than strict decimal decades. The "long 19th century" runs from 1789 to 1914. Eric Hobsbawm argued for a "short twentieth century" spanning from the First World War to the end of the Cold War.
Gothic was applied as a pejorative by Giorgio Vasari to describe architecture he found objectionable and associated with Northern European, or barbarian, cultures. Baroque derives from words in Portuguese, Spanish, or French meaning an irregular or misshapen pearl, and was first used outside jewellery in the early 18th century as a criticism of music considered over-complicated. Both terms began as insults before becoming neutral historical categories.
The Baroque period is generally considered to have begun around 1600 across all artistic media. Music historians mark its end at 1750 with the death of J. S. Bach, while art historians consider the main period to have concluded significantly earlier in most areas.