Short answers, pulled from the story.
The earliest evidence of a pen dates back to the First Dynasty of Egypt around 3000 BC. Scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens made from the Juncus maritimus to write on papyrus scrolls.
The quill pen derived from the flight feather of a large bird became the writing instrument of choice in the West from the 6th century to the 19th century. It was used to write the Dead Sea Scrolls in Qumran around 100 BC and to sign the Constitution of the United States in 1787.
Romanian student Petrache Poenaru invented a fountain pen that used a quill as an ink reservoir which the French Government patented in May 1827. Earlier records mention a pen with a reservoir from the 10th century AD and a patent received by Bartholomew Folsch in England in 1809.
The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on the 30th of October 1888 to John J. Loud. The practical ballpoint pen became a reality in 1938 when Hungarian editor László Bíró filed a British patent on the 15th of June 1938.
The fiber or felt tipped pen was invented in the 1960s by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company in Japan. Paper Mate's Flair was among the first felt tip pens to hit the U.S. market and became the leader ever since.