Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first ballpoint pen patent was issued on the 30th of October 1888 to John J. Loud. The modern ballpoint was developed in 1938 by Laszlo Biro, a Hungarian newspaper editor, working with his brother George, a chemist, who filed a British patent on the 15th of June 1938.
The reed pen, cut from Juncus maritimus or sea rush, is among the oldest writing instruments. Steven Roger Fischer, citing finds at Saqqara, suggests it may have been used on parchment as far back as the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt, around 3000 BC.
Petrache Poenaru, a Romanian student in Paris, invented a fountain pen that used a quill as an ink reservoir. The French Government patented the design in May 1827.
Felt-tip pens were invented in the 1960s by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company in Japan. Paper Mate's Flair was among the first felt-tip pens to reach the U.S. market in that decade.
A ballpoint pen uses viscous oil-based ink that does not flow by capillary action, dries almost instantly, and lasts longer. A rollerball pen uses lower-viscosity water-based ink that flows more freely, produces a smoother wetter line, but takes longer to dry and can seep through thin paper.
TOZ-Penkala is a pen-and-pencil company founded by Croatian inventor Slavoljub Eduard Penkala and Croatian entrepreneur Edmund Moster. Penkala developed the first solid-ink fountain pen in 1907, and the factory they built was one of the largest of its kind in the world. TOZ stands for Tvornica olovaka Zagreb, meaning Zagreb Pencil Factory.