What were the Peace of Westphalia treaties and when did they end?
The Peace of Westphalia refers to 1648 treaties that ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. These conflicts had battered Europe for decades, resulting in heavy tolls on money and lives across the continent.
Where did the Peace of Westphalia negotiations take place between 1643 and 1649?
Main peace negotiations occurred in Münster and Osnabrück within neighboring cities in Westphalia during the period from 1643 to 1649. Both cities served as neutral and demilitarized zones where strict religious controls existed before diplomats arrived.
Which territories did Sweden gain after signing the Peace of Westphalia treaty?
Sweden gained Western Pomeria known as Swedish Pomeria which included Wismar and Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. The state also received an indemnity of five million thalers to pay troops following the agreement.
When was Calvinism officially recognized under the Peace of Westphalia rules?
Calvinism finally received legal recognition as an official religion for the first time through the new rules established by the treaty. The normative date for determining state religion legally became the 1st of January 1624 according to these provisions.
Who led the French delegation at the Peace of Westphalia talks in 1648?
Henri II d'Orléans Duke of Longueville headed the French delegation while Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien served as his fellow diplomats. These representatives negotiated alongside other European powers including Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire.