Short answers, pulled from the story.
The consul Publius Cornelius Scipio ordered a small military camp built on levelled ground near the river Ticino in 218 BCE. This fortified position guarded a wooden bridge he had constructed to search for Hannibal, who was rumoured to have led an army over the Alps into Italy.
King Alboin invaded Italy under his rule and captured much of northern Italy before halting at the fortified city of Pavia in 569. The siege ended when the Lombards captured Pavia in 572, making it the main capital of the Lombard Kingdom by the 620s.
Liutprand commissioned the building of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro between 712 and 744, which became the site of his tomb and the resting place of two other significant Christian figures. In 743, Pope Zacharias consecrated the original church, which featured mosaics on its apse roof, marking the first instance of such decoration in a Lombard church.
The University of Pavia was founded around the nucleus of the old school of law from 1361 onward after the city yielded to the Visconti family rulers of Milan in 1359. Galeazzo II moved his court from Milan to Pavia and built a large palace known as the Visconti castle between 1361 and 1365.
Albert Einstein's father moved to Pavia to start a business supplying electrical materials in 1894, and the Einsteins lived in Palazzo Cornazzani where Ugo Foscolo and Ada Negri had also resided. Young Albert visited the family several times between 1895 and 1896, writing an essay titled On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field during his time in Italy.