Short answers, pulled from the story.
Paul Hindemith was born in Hanau, near Frankfurt, on the 16th of November 1895. He died in Frankfurt of pancreatitis on the 28th of December 1963, aged 68, and was buried in La Chiésaz, Vaud, Switzerland.
Hindemith emigrated to Switzerland in 1938 primarily because of his conflict with the artistic policies of the Third Reich. Joseph Goebbels had publicly denounced him as an "atonal noisemaker" in 1934, his music was banned in October 1936, and he was included in the Entartete Musik exhibition in 1938. His wife also had part-Jewish ancestry.
Hindemith taught composition and theory at Yale from 1940, founding the Yale Collegium Musicum. According to Luther Noss's history of the Yale School of Music, he taught for a little over ten years, with 400 students, 46 of whom earned degrees mostly in music theory. Notable students included Lukas Foss, Norman Dello Joio, and Mitch Leigh.
The Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber, completed in 1943, is considered Hindemith's most popular work in both recordings and the concert hall. It transforms melodies from various Weber pieces, mainly piano duets, with each movement based on a single theme.
The Craft of Musical Composition is a three-volume instructional treatise Hindemith wrote in the late 1930s, laying out his unique harmonic system in detail. The system is tonal but non-diatonic, ranking all twelve intervals of the chromatic scale from most consonant to most dissonant and classifying chords in six categories.
In 1935, after Goebbels pressured him to take indefinite leave from the Berlin Academy, Hindemith accepted an invitation from the Turkish government to help create a music school in Ankara. He led the reorganization of Turkish music education and early efforts to establish the Turkish State Opera and Ballet, with Eduard Zuckmayer serving as his deputy. The Ankara State Conservatory owes much to his work.