Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word parliament first became a common name for meetings of the great council in 1236. Before this date, the assembly was known as the witan or great council, and the term parliament only appeared in the late 11th century as a French term meaning talk or speech.
The Model Parliament of 1295 marked a turning point where the Commons were summoned with the power to provide both counsel and consent. This gathering established a precedent that would shape the evolution of the English Parliament for centuries to come by including elected knights from shires and burgesses from boroughs.
The Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time in 1341. This event created what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter, eventually leading to the House of Lords and House of Commons.
In January 1642, King Charles I entered the House of Commons and tried to arrest John Pym and four other members for alleged treason. The Five Members had been tipped off and disappeared before the king arrived, leading to a refusal by Speaker William Lenthall to give their whereabouts and the subsequent start of the English Civil War.
The Parliament of England dissolved in 1707 after the Treaty of Union. Acts of Parliament passed in both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and replaced the English Parliament with the Parliament of Great Britain.