Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Parliament of England evolved from the great council of bishops and peers that advised English monarchs. The word parliament was first used in 1236 to describe meetings of this council, though great councils were called Parliaments during the reign of Henry III before that date. The institution traced its roots to 10th-century assemblies of the witan.
The Model Parliament of November 1295 was summoned by Edward I to raise money for his war against Philip IV of France over Aquitaine. Sheriffs were instructed to send two elected knights from each shire and two elected burgesses from each borough. For the first time, the writ of summons gave shire knights and burgesses full power to provide both counsel and consent, not merely to approve what the magnates had already decided.
The Provisions of Oxford were a constitutional framework forced on Henry III by reform-minded barons at the Oxford Parliament of 1258. They required the king to govern with an elected baronial council, set Parliament to meet three times a year on a fixed schedule, and created a standing committee of twelve representatives who could act on legislation between sessions. Parliament was for the first time established formally, not merely by custom, as the voice of the community of the realm.
Simon de Montfort led the baronial reform movement against Henry III and, after defeating the king at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, became the real ruler of England for roughly twelve months. His January 1265 parliament was the first to summon both knights of the shire and burgesses together. Montfort was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and Parliament subsequently authorised the Dictum of Kenilworth in August 1266, nullifying his reforms.
After Pride's Purge in December 1648 removed members who did not support the New Model Army, the remaining Rump Parliament enacted legislation to try Charles I for treason against the English people. The trial's outcome was regarded as a foregone conclusion, and Charles was executed in January 1649, leading to an 11-year republic. Charles I was the last English monarch ever to enter the House of Commons.
The Parliament of England was dissolved in 1707 following the Treaty of Union, which merged the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. Acts passed in both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created the new Parliament of Great Britain, based at Westminster. That body later became the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1801 through the Acts of Union 1800.