Short answers, pulled from the story.
Herodotus published the earliest written record referring to Palestine in his Histories during the 5th century BCE. He called the area Palaistine and referenced territory previously held by Philistia which existed from the 12th to the 7th century BCE.
Modern archaeology has identified twelve ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records that likely contain cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth. The term Peleset appears in five inscriptions starting during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt at the temple at Medinet Habu within Ramesses III's reign.
The Rashidun Caliphate began conquering Palestine in 634CE. The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region with Muawiyah I becoming Caliph after being crowned in Jerusalem in 661.
The State of Israel was declared in May 1948. Following the Lausanne Conference of 1949, 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from homes were not allowed to return after the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight known as al-Nakba.
The total population in the region stands approximately 12.8 million people according to recent statistics. This includes 8.5 million people in Israel and a combined 4.7 million for the West Bank and Gaza Strip populations in 2015.