Short answers, pulled from the story.
The name Palestine derives from Peleshet, the biblical Hebrew name for Philistia, a coastal state that existed in the region from the 12th to the 7th century BCE. The term and its derivatives appear more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of the Hebrew Bible. One theory links it to palaistes, a Greek word meaning wrestler, rival, or adversary.
Roman authorities renamed the province of Judaea to Syria Palaestina around 135 CE, shortly after suppressing the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-136 CE. The renaming is described as the only case in Roman history where an empire renamed a province specifically in response to a rebellion. Scholars argue the intent was to sever the symbolic connection between the Jewish people and the province.
Herodotus was the first writer known to use the term Palestine to describe the entire territory between Phoenicia and Egypt, calling it a district of Syria named Palaistine in his Histories in the 5th century BCE. His description included the Judaean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley. Aristotle used a similar definition roughly a century later in his Meteorology.
According to Ottoman statistics studied by Justin McCarthy, Palestine had a population of around 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews in 1914. By 1947, the population had grown to approximately 1.97 million, comprising roughly 630,000 Jews, 1,181,000 Muslims, and 143,000 Christians, according to the historical tables compiled by Sergio DellaPergola.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the events surrounding it, 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes in what became known as al-Nakba. Following the Lausanne Conference of 1949, they were not permitted to return. Jordan took the West Bank and Egypt took the Gaza Strip after the war.
The Dome of the Rock, completed in 691 CE, is described as the world's first great work of Islamic architecture. It was built in Jerusalem during the Umayyad period, after Muawiyah I was crowned Caliph in Jerusalem in 661 following the assassination of Ali.