Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ottoman rule over Egypt began in 1517 after Sultan Selim I conquered the Mamluk state and ended in 1867 when Isma'il received the title of khedive. The administrative division existed from 1517 to 1867 before evolving into a more autonomous status under Muhammad Ali's dynasty.
Grand Vizier Yunus Pasha received the governorship of Egypt immediately after Sultan Selim I left the country in 1517. He soon created an extortion and bribery syndicate which led to his replacement by Hayır Bey, a former Mamluk governor of Aleppo.
Governor Hain Ahmed Pasha attempted to make himself an independent ruler and struck coins in his own name after hearing that orders for his execution had come from Constantinople. Two emirs whom he had imprisoned escaped and attacked him in his bath, leading to his capture and execution by Ottoman sultan forces.
Ali Bey declared Egypt independent in 1769 after seizing despatches that revealed plans for his execution and urging beys to fight for their lives. He gave the pasha 48 hours to quit the country and subsequently became recognized as Sultan of Egypt with titles including Khan of the Two Seas.
Napoleon Bonaparte entered Egypt in 1798 with the ostensible object of reinstating Ottoman authority and suppressing the Mamluks. After the Battle of Embabeh, also known as the Battle of the Pyramids, the forces of Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey were dispersed.