Short answers, pulled from the story.
An organization, spelled organisation in Commonwealth English, is an entity such as a company, corporation, institution, or association that comprises one or more people and has a particular purpose. It can be a formal organization recognized by law or one that operates secretly or illegally.
The English word organization derives from the French organisation, which came from the medieval Latin organizationem. Its root, organum, was borrowed from the Greek word organon, meaning tool, instrument, musical instrument, or organ.
According to management science, most human organizations fall into four types: committees or juries, ecologies, matrix organizations, and pyramids or hierarchies. Each type differs in how the group makes decisions and how members report to one another.
A formal organization is established to achieve defined objectives, behaves impersonally, and grants leaders authority by their appointed position, backed by formal sanctions. An informal organization emerges spontaneously beneath the formal structure, expresses members' personal goals, and produces emergent leaders who wield influence or power rather than positional authority.
A matrix organization assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies, one functional and one executive. The functional hierarchy ensures each expert is well-trained, while the executive direction focuses on completing projects. The United States aerospace industries were the first to officially use this structure after it emerged in the early 1960s.
Condorcet's jury theorem proved that if the average committee member votes better than a roll of dice, adding more members increases the number of correct majority decisions. If the average member is worse than a roll of dice, however, adding members makes decisions worse, which is why staffing is crucial.