Short answers, pulled from the story.
Friedrich Wöhler discovered organic chemistry in 1828 by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate. This experiment shattered the doctrine of vitalism and proved that organic compounds could be created in a laboratory without biological intervention.
The Geneva rules for organic chemistry nomenclature were created in 1892 to standardize the naming of chemical compounds. These rules eventually evolved into the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature system used today.
Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper proposed that carbon atoms form chains and rings in 1858. Kekulé visualized the structure of benzene as a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating double bonds.
The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century when the German company Bayer manufactured acetylsalicylic acid. This era of synthesis was followed by the development of arsphenamine around 1910.
Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley, and Robert F. Curl Jr. discovered fullerenes in 1985. They used a laser to vaporize graphite rods and obtained cagelike molecules composed of 60 carbon atoms known as C60.