Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word orange entered the English language in 1502 as a description of clothing purchased for Margaret Tudor. Before this date, speakers used terms like yellow-red or saffron to describe similar hues.
The place name Orange derives from a Roman-Celtic settlement founded around 36 BC named after the water god Arausio. This town sat on trade routes bringing oranges from southern ports like Marseille to northern France.
Louis Vauquelin discovered crocoite or lead chromate in 1797 which led to synthetic pigments by 1809. The invention of metal paint tubes in 1841 allowed painters to work outdoors and capture natural light directly.
In Ukraine, November and December 2004 marked the Orange Revolution which carried Viktor Yushchenko into the presidency. Christian democratic political parties across Europe and the Americas use orange as their primary identifier since World War II.
Cadmium sulphide forms the basis of cadmium orange pigment discovered commercially in 1910 after selenium was found in 1817. Quinacridone orange appeared first in 1896 and entered manufacturing in 1935 as a vivid solid pigment.
Aircraft black boxes appear as bright orange so they can be found more easily after crashes. Highway workers and cyclists wear safety orange to avoid being hit by vehicles while prisoners sometimes don orange clothing to make them easier to spot during escape attempts.