Short answers, pulled from the story.
Eric S. Raymond published the essay introducing the bazaar model in 1997. This publication fundamentally altered how the world builds software by challenging the traditional cathedral approach. The essay argued that software should be developed like a chaotic marketplace where anyone could contribute fixes or features.
Richard Stallman released the GNU General Public License in 1989. This legal tool used copyright law to enforce the sharing of code and created the concept of copyleft. The license required that any derivative works be released under the same terms to prevent proprietary companies from locking the code away.
Linus Torvalds released the Linux kernel in 1991. He was a Finnish student who wanted to create something totally free and decentralized inspired by the Minix operating system. The kernel was developed using the bazaar model and became the core of the GNU/Linux operating system.
Christine Peterson suggested the term open source in 1998 to describe the free software movement. She aimed to make the concept more appealing to businesses and developers. The Open Source Initiative was formed to promote the term and define what open source software is.
Women made up only 9.8% of international open-source software contributors between 2005 and 2021. This gender gap limits the diversity of perspectives and ideas brought to the open-source community. Women face biases including longer feedback times and lower acceptance rates when their gender is identifiable.