Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Hippocratic Collection described skilled care provided by male attendants in the fifth century BC. These records focused on anatomy and physical condition while observing patients.
This shift extinguished the nursing profession in Europe for approximately two hundred years. The Protestant reformers shut down monasteries during the Reformation which removed traditional caretakers from their positions.
After ten years of sanitary reform, Nightingale reported that mortality among soldiers in India had declined from 69 per 1,000 to 18 per 1,000 in 1873. Her work linked health with pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light.
Francophone Africa includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Guinea, Gabon, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, and Togo where more than half are male. This ratio matches many other countries except these specific nations.
The inaugural issue of Nursing Research came out in 1952 as the first scientific journal specialized in nursing. Nursing practice remained an oral tradition until the mid-20th century before this publication date.