Short answers, pulled from the story.
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum published their definitive grammar text in 2002. This publication reclassified pronouns as a subclass of nouns rather than keeping them separate from traditional categories.
Sanskrit grammarians described word classes including nāma at least by the fifth century before Christ. They identified nāma as one of four main categories of words alongside verbs and other parts of speech in texts like Yāska's Nirukta.
French definite articles change form based on whether a noun is masculine or feminine. Le appears before masculine singular nouns while la precedes feminine ones, and adjectives adjust endings to match these distinctions.
Countable nouns accept pluralization and numerals like one two or several whereas mass nouns cannot take an indefinite article or plural suffix. The distinction concerns how speakers present entities rather than what those entities actually are.
Suffixes such as -ness -ity and -ion transform adjectives and verbs into abstract nouns regularly. Happiness derives directly from happy while circulation comes from the verb circulate through this process.