Short answers, pulled from the story.
Alfred Nobel established the prizes through a will he signed on the 27th of November 1895 at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, bequeathing 94% of his assets, totalling 31 million SEK, to fund the awards. The prizes were first awarded in 1901, marking the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death on the 10th of December 1896.
Between 1901 and 2024, the five Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 627 times to 1,012 people and organisations. Five individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.
Marie Sklodowska-Curie is the only person awarded Nobel Prizes in two different sciences. She received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium.
Gandhi was nominated five times, including a few days before his assassination on the 30th of January 1948, but never received the prize. In 1948, the Norwegian Nobel Committee made no award, citing no suitable living candidate. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006, called this the greatest omission in the committee's 106-year history.
The Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 when Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden's central bank, donated funds to the Nobel Foundation during its 300th anniversary. It was first awarded in 1969 to Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch, for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.
As of 2025, each Nobel Prize category carries a monetary award of 11 million Swedish kronor, equivalent to approximately US$1.035 million. The prize money has grown considerably since the 1980s, when it stood at 880,000 SEK per prize.