Short answers, pulled from the story.
Alfred Nobel composed his last will on the 27th of November 1895 at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. This document specified that his fortune be used to establish prizes for those who conferred the greatest benefit on mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. The will was not immediately approved by the Storting in Norway until the 26th of April 1897 due to legal challenges.
Wilhelm Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery of X-rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen from a shortlist that also included Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. This award marked the first time the Nobel Prizes were presented, occurring five years after Nobel's death.
No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942 due to the occupation of Norway by Germany during the Second World War. The Nobel Foundation stated that the committee building in Oslo was Swedish property, which made it a safe haven from the German military. Three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile while the remaining members kept the work of the committee going without awarding prizes.
The Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded for the first time in 1969, one year after Sweden's central bank donated money to the Nobel Foundation. The first laureates for this prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes. This award is often referred to as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on the 10th of December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on the 10th of December. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall.