Short answers, pulled from the story.
Prince George II of Vladimir established a small wooden hillfort at the confluence of the Oka and Volga rivers on the 4th of February 1221. This settlement became the easternmost Russian outpost until Kurmysh was founded in 1372.
The city was renamed Gorky in 1932 after Marxist activist Maxim Gorky returned to the Soviet Union on Stalin's invitation. It retained this name until 1990, when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet issued a decree officially restoring the original name Nizhny Novgorod.
German air raids targeted the city between 1941 and 1943 to destroy its military equipment production facilities. These attacks were among the most powerful strikes made against the Soviet rear during the entire war.
Official statistics recorded a population of 97,000 residents within the city limits in 1913. The city later grew significantly as it became known as the trade capital of the Russian Empire following the transfer of the Makaryev Fair in 1817.
The 800th anniversary celebration occurred on the 21st of August 2021, featuring an 800th Anniversary Gala Show attended by Vladimir Putin. Natalia Vodianova delivered a speech during the festivities while commemorative coins were issued by the Central Bank of Russia to honor the milestone.