Short answers, pulled from the story.
Niels Bohr received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. The award recognised both his Bohr model of the atom and his early leading work in the emerging field of quantum mechanics.
The Niels Bohr Institute is a physics research centre at the University of Copenhagen, founded by Bohr and opened on the 3rd of March 1921. Bohr served as its director, and it became the leading international hub for quantum mechanics research throughout the 1920s and 1930s.
In September 1943, Bohr learned the Nazis planned to arrest him because his mother was Jewish. The Danish resistance helped him and his wife escape by sea to Sweden on the 29th of September. He was then flown to Scotland on the 6th of October 1943 aboard a converted de Havilland Mosquito, during which he lost consciousness from oxygen starvation when he was unable to wear his helmet and missed the pilot's intercom instruction.
Bohr joined the British Tube Alloys nuclear weapons project after arriving in Britain in 1943, then arrived in Washington on the 8th of December 1943 to work with the Manhattan Project under the alias Nicholas Baker. Robert Oppenheimer credited Bohr with acting as a scientific father figure to younger scientists at Los Alamos, and noted that Bohr clarified a key problem with modulated neutron initiators in early February 1945.
Bohr's principle of complementarity holds that a quantum object can display apparently mutually exclusive properties, such as behaving as a wave or as a stream of particles, depending on the experimental framework used to observe it. He introduced this idea publicly at the Como Conference in September 1927.
The synthetic element bohrium, atomic number 107, was named after Bohr in recognition of his groundbreaking work on atomic structure. Bohr also predicted the existence and chemical properties of element 72 before it was found; it was named hafnium, from hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it at Bohr's institute.