Short answers, pulled from the story.
Nicolaus Copernicus entered the world on the 19th of February 1473 within the city walls of Toruń. This location sat in Royal Prussia, a region recently regained from the Teutonic Order after the Thirteen Years' War.
Copernicus matriculated at the University of Kraków in the winter semester of 1491 under the name Nicolaus Nicolai de Thuronia. He studied mathematics and astronomy alongside philosophical works by Aristotle and Averroes before leaving without taking a degree in the fall of 1495.
In 1526 he published Monetae cudendae ratio which formulated an early version of Gresham's law stating that bad coinage drives good coinage out of circulation decades before Thomas Gresham. The document gained wide readership among leaders of both Prussia and Poland who sought currency stability while he administered monetary reforms for the Royal Prussian sejmik throughout the 1520s.
Johannes Petreius printed the book at Nuremberg in Germany during 1543 and the final volume appeared just before Copernicus died on the 24th of May 1543. Andreas Osiander added an unauthorized preface arguing that hypotheses need not be true if they provide consistent calculations.
Cardinal Robert Bellarmine condemned the theory in an April 1615 letter stating it would be heretical to contradict Holy Scripture and the Roman Inquisition prohibited Copernicus work one year later in 1616. Francesco Ingoli presented twenty arguments against the theory in January 1616 including physical and mathematical objections.