Short answers, pulled from the story.
Radiocarbon dating places the start of the New Kingdom between 1570 and 1544 BC. It ended around 1069 BC with the close of the Twentieth Dynasty, when Smendes founded the Twenty-First Dynasty at Tanis, beginning the Third Intermediate Period.
The New Kingdom spanned the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties. Notable rulers include Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses III.
The New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial expansion, reaching into the Levant and deep into Nubia. This expansion, driven partly by the desire to prevent future invasions like those of the Hyksos and Kushites, made it the most prosperous period in ancient Egyptian history.
Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, devoted himself to the Aten, a representation of the god Ra, abandoning the traditional Egyptian pantheon. His worship is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. His wife Nefertiti actively participated in the new religion, and the period saw a distinctive new style of Egyptian art known as the Amarna Period.
Ramesses II led Egyptian armies against the Hittite forces of king Muwatalli II at the Battle of Kadesh. Ramesses was caught in what is recorded as history's first military ambush but rallied his troops, aided by reinforcements known as the Ne'arin. The battle ended without a decisive victor; both sides claimed victory, and the two states later concluded a peace treaty.
The New Kingdom declined through a combination of warfare costs, droughts, below-normal Nile flooding, famine, civil unrest, and growing priestly power. By the reign of Ramesses XI, the High Priests of Amun effectively ruled Upper Egypt, while Smendes controlled Lower Egypt. Smendes founded the Twenty-First Dynasty at Tanis, ending the New Kingdom around 1069 BC.
Ramesses II was the longest-reigning monarch of the Nineteenth Dynasty and a grandson of Ramesses I. He constructed Abu Simbel, the Ramesseum, and the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Delta, and erected more colossal statues of himself than any other pharaoh. He ruled Egypt for more than half a century, bringing wealth and stability despite inconclusive wars with the Hittites.