Short answers, pulled from the story.
New Hollywood, also called the Hollywood Renaissance or American New Wave, was a movement in American filmmaking that ran from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s. It was characterized by director-driven films that deviated from classical narrative norms and engaged with politically and socially challenging subject matter.
Bonnie and Clyde (1967), The Graduate (1967), and Easy Rider are among the films associated with the movement's beginning. Films whose box office failures marked the end include Heaven's Gate, New York New York, Sorcerer, They All Laughed, and One from the Heart.
Key directors included Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Peter Bogdanovich, Hal Ashby, Brian De Palma, and Robert Altman. Many were educated at USC, UCLA, NYU, and AFI, and were sometimes called the "Movie Brats" or "Young Turks" by the press.
Peter Biskind's 1998 book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls argues the movement ended when the commercial success of Jaws and Star Wars demonstrated to studios the power of blockbusters and tight production control. Michael Cimino's Heaven's Gate, which nearly bankrupted United Artists in 1980, is also cited as a key turning point.
Bonnie and Clyde (1967), directed by Arthur Penn and produced by and starring Warren Beatty, initially received negative reviews, including a dismissive notice in The New York Times. After critic Pauline Kael published a positive review in the New Yorker in October 1967, other critics reconsidered the film; a December 1967 Time magazine cover story called it "a watershed picture." It went on to win Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Cinematography.
Two key technologies expanded what directors could do: the Panavision Panaflex camera, introduced in 1972, and the Steadicam, introduced in 1976. Both allowed 35mm film to be shot on location without building sets, pushing the movement toward a more naturalistic visual style.