Short answers, pulled from the story.
The British archaeologist John Lubbock coined the term Neolithic in 1865 to describe a new phase of human history. This period marked the final division of the Stone Age across Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe, and Africa from roughly 10,000 BC to 2,000 BC.
Farming first emerged about 12,000 years ago in the Epipalaeolithic Near East and Mesopotamia. The transition began around 10,200 BC in the Levant within the Natufian culture before spreading to other regions like China, Scandinavia, and Ancient Egypt.
The founder crops of the Fertile Crescent were wheat, lentil, pea, chickpea, bitter vetch, and flax. Other major crops domesticated during this period included rice and millet alongside early Neolithic age farming limited to plants such as einkorn wheat and spelt.
Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey dates to around 9500 BC and may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes as shown by the absence of permanent housing nearby.
Domestication of large animals resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality where possession of livestock allowed competition between households and inherited inequalities of wealth. Evidence suggests that some influential individuals organized human labor to construct large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 and 4600 BC.