Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Neolithic began around 10,200 BC in the Levant, with its origins traced to the Natufian culture, and extended to roughly 2,000 BC in regions such as China and Scandinavia. In West Asia it ended with the Chalcolithic period around 4500 BC, and in Ancient Egypt it lasted until the Protodynastic period around 3150 BC.
John Lubbock coined the term 'Neolithic' in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system. It comes from the Greek words for 'new' and 'stone', and refers to the final division of the Stone Age.
Evidence from Jericho suggests figs were the first cultivated crop, with remains dated to 9400 BC. The figs were of a mutant variety that cannot be pollinated by insects and can only reproduce from cuttings, indicating deliberate cultivation centuries before the first grains were farmed.
Göbekli Tepe is a temple site in southeastern Turkey dated to around 9500 BC, considered possibly the oldest known human-made place of worship. It features at least seven stone circles covering 25 acres with carved limestone pillars, and was built by nomadic hunter-gatherers before permanent settlement was widespread in the region.
The Neolithic Revolution is the term for the wide-ranging shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to farming, animal domestication, and settled communities. The Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe coined the term in the 1920s.
The megalithic temple of Ġgantija on the island of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago is considered the world's oldest freestanding structure, with its oldest sections dating to around 3600 BC.