Short answers, pulled from the story.
May Donoghue suffered nervous shock and gastro-enteritis after drinking a ginger beer float that contained a decomposed snail. She sued the manufacturer Stevenson for negligence instead of the cafe owner because she had not purchased the drink herself.
Lord Atkin defined a neighbor as someone closely affected by your actions who you must reasonably contemplate when directing your mind to acts or omissions. This definition established modern law regarding duty of care following the House of Lords ruling in favor of Donoghue.
Children face a reduced threshold for the standard of care owed to them based on their age and intelligence rather than adult standards. Kitto J explained that children share a lack of foresight with others at that developmental stage which determines liability.
The Turkish Penal Code No. 5237 took effect the 1st of June 2005 defining criminal negligence as failure to act required by law. This code specifies intent is needed for punishment except under Article 43 exceptions.
United States recognizes four elements: duty, breach, proximate causation and injury. Courts can resolve cases early via demurrer or motion to dismiss if these elements are unlikely proven.