Short answers, pulled from the story.
Nazi Germany existed from 1933 to 1945, a period of twelve years. Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on the 30th of January 1933 and the regime ended on the 8th of May 1945 when the German Instrument of Surrender was signed.
The Third Reich was the name used by the Nazis to describe their German state, meaning Third Empire or Third Realm. The term counted the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806) as the first Reich and the German Empire (1871-1918) as the second. The phrase was first used in a 1923 book called Das Dritte Reich by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck.
Hitler exploited the Reichstag fire of the 27th of February 1933 to push through emergency decrees suspending civil liberties. The Enabling Act, passed on the 23rd of March 1933 by a vote of 444 to 94, allowed him to govern by decree without parliamentary approval. By the 14th of July 1933, Germany had been declared a one-party state.
Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a pogrom carried out on the 9th-the 10th of November 1938, in which SA members destroyed synagogues and Jewish businesses across Germany. At least 91 Jews were killed. Afterwards, the Jewish community was fined one billion marks for the destruction and told that insurance payouts would be confiscated.
The total number of Jews murdered is estimated at between 5.5 and six million, including over a million children. Romani victims numbered around 220,000, roughly 25 per cent of the Romani population in Europe. Estimates of overall civilian and prisoner-of-war deaths from Nazi racial and occupation policies reach 19.3 million across the USSR and elsewhere in Europe.
Germany imported and enslaved some 12 million people from 20 European countries to work in factories and on farms. Approximately 75 per cent of these forced labourers were Eastern European. By 1944, the war was consuming 75 per cent of Germany's gross domestic product, and the wartime economy had come to rely heavily on slave labour and the plunder of occupied territories.