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Questions about Nazi book burnings

Short answers, pulled from the story.

When did the Nazi book burnings take place?

The main Nazi book burnings took place on the 10th of May 1933, in thirty-four university towns across Germany. Some events were postponed due to rain, and others took place on the 21st of June 1933, the summer solstice. The campaign had been announced on the 8th of April 1933 by the German Student Union.

How many books were burned in the Nazi book burnings?

Over 25,000 volumes were burned in Berlin alone at the Bebelplatz square on the 10th of May 1933. The campaign targeted around 4,000 titles, aiming to destroy every copy available. In occupied Poland, the destruction was far larger, eliminating an estimated 80% of all school libraries and three-quarters of all scientific libraries in the country.

Who organized the Nazi book burnings?

The Nazi book burnings were organized by the German Student Union, known as the Deutsche Studentenschaft. Its Main Office for Press and Propaganda announced the nationwide campaign on the 8th of April 1933. Propaganda Minister Josef Goebbels spoke to some 40,000 people at the Berlin burning and his speech was broadcast on the radio.

Which authors' books were burned in the Nazi book burnings?

Books burned included works by Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Bertolt Brecht, Karl Marx, Erich Maria Remarque, Thomas Mann, Heinrich Mann, Helen Keller, Ernest Hemingway, and Magnus Hirschfeld, among dozens of others. The lists covered Jewish authors, communists, pacifists, liberals, and anyone whose work the Nazis deemed incompatible with their ideology.

What was the German Freedom Library and how did it respond to the Nazi book burnings?

The Library of the Burned Books was founded by Alfred Kantorowicz and opened in France on the 10th of May 1934, exactly one year after the Berlin burnings. It collected banned and burned titles and served as a center for anti-Nazi intellectual activity. After the fall of France, the Nazis seized and destroyed it.

What memorial exists today for the Nazi book burnings at Bebelplatz?

The Empty Library, created by Israeli artist Micha Ullman in 1995, stands at Bebelplatz in Berlin where the original burning took place. It is an underground room of empty bookshelves visible through a glass pane in the square. Bronze plaques nearby bear Heinrich Heine's 1820 warning: "Where they burn books, in the end they will also burn people."