Short answers, pulled from the story.
Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation for the National Academy of Sciences on the 3rd of March 1863. The document stated that the new academy would investigate and report on any subject of science or art whenever called upon by a government department.
President Woodrow Wilson requested the creation of the National Research Council on the 19th of June 1916 to strengthen national defense. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker approved the Committee on Nitric Acid Supply to address shortages in propellants needed for cordite and high explosives during World War I.
In July 2015, all three academies underwent a structural change that unified them under the operating umbrella known today as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This reorganization maintained the individual charter status of each group while creating a single brand for their studies and reports.
Top scientists and experts serve on study committees without pay to answer specific sets of questions about national importance. All committee members are selected based on distinguished achievements rather than requiring membership in any of the three academies.
In 2023, the New York Times reported that about 70 percent of the budget for the organization came from federal funds. The remaining portion included contributions from private sources such as Chevron, Google, Merck, and Medtronic.